{"id":12156,"date":"2022-03-29T07:21:22","date_gmt":"2022-03-29T07:21:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/?page_id=12156"},"modified":"2022-08-17T09:41:13","modified_gmt":"2022-08-17T09:41:13","slug":"tunnel-inspections-and-monitoring","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/tunnel-inspections-and-monitoring\/","title":{"rendered":"Tunnel inspections and monitoring"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"12156\" class=\"elementor elementor-12156\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8ab92 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"df8ab92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f18b38\" data-id=\"6f18b38\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a16a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a16a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.5.2 - 22-12-2021 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bbb3c79 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bbb3c79\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-076794d\" data-id=\"076794d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6f45c elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"5d6f45c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<\/p><p id=\u201cbreadcrumbs\u201d><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/\">Home<\/a><\/span><\/p><p>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-31a72b8b elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"31a72b8b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e4bee87\" data-id=\"3e4bee87\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72227632 elementor-widget elementor-widget-hub_fancy_heading\" data-id=\"72227632\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"hub_fancy_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"ld-fancy-heading-6a07339a59b25\" class=\"ld-fancy-heading\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"ld-fh-element elementor-heading-title lqd-highlight-underline lqd-highlight-grow-left h3\"  > Tunnel inspections and monitoring<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31473c31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-hub_fancy_heading\" data-id=\"31473c31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"hub_fancy_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"ld-fancy-heading-6a07339a5a9de\" class=\"ld-fancy-heading\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"ld-fh-element lqd-highlight-underline lqd-highlight-grow-left p\"  > The survey of the final lining intrados may be carried out with an accuracy better than 1 mm, which may be adjusted per the Client\u2019s needs. <\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-656a58f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"656a58f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The first survey provides a reference or baseline for future inspections or monitoring surveys of the tunnel in order to determine:<\/p><ul><li>Any displacement (e.g., convergence or settlement of the ceiling), and\/or<\/li><li>Any change in the lining defects: cracks (length, width, number), spalls (area and number), and water ingress.<\/li><\/ul><p>The quantities to be surveyed (displacements and defects) are chosen by the Client. Tonon USA uses special lighting systems devised in order to evenly illuminate the lining even in dark situations, such as air ducts, and to ensure that the colours of the lining and its defects are reliably reproduced. For a comparison with <a href=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/comparison-between-llrt-and-lidar-mapping-for-tunnel-liners\/\"><strong>LiDAR LASER SCANNER<\/strong><\/a> .<\/p><p>The speed of photo acquisition depends on: the accuracy required, the minimum distance between the cameras and the tunnel lining, and whether the tunnel is accessible to vehicles or not. Tonon USA has developed special technology in order to achieve the performance detailed in the following table (click to enlarge).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c4bfc58 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c4bfc58\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-aa9dccd\" data-id=\"aa9dccd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68b4d28 elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-pagination-position-outside elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-carousel\" data-id=\"68b4d28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;both&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"image-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.5.2 - 22-12-2021 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image-carousel .swiper-container{position:static}.elementor-widget-image-carousel .swiper-container .swiper-slide figure{line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-image-carousel .swiper-slide{text-align:center}.elementor-image-carousel-wrapper:not(.swiper-container-initialized) .swiper-slide{max-width:calc(100% \/ var(--e-image-carousel-slides-to-show, 3))}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel-wrapper swiper-container\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel swiper-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"68b4d28\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"to1\" href=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to1.jpeg\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to1.jpeg\" alt=\"to1\" \/><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"68b4d28\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"to4\" href=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to4.jpeg\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to4.jpeg\" alt=\"to4\" \/><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"68b4d28\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"to3\" href=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to3.jpeg\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to3.jpeg\" alt=\"to3\" \/><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"68b4d28\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"to2\" href=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to2.jpeg\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to2.jpeg\" alt=\"to2\" \/><\/figure><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Precedente<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Successivo<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb03342 elementor-widget elementor-widget-hub_fancy_heading\" data-id=\"fb03342\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"hub_fancy_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"ld-fancy-heading-6a07339a602d2\" class=\"ld-fancy-heading\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"ld-fh-element lqd-highlight-underline lqd-highlight-grow-left p\"  > Close-up views of the photogrammetric model of a shotcrete liner in an underground excavation: (a) baseline (March 2013), (b) Survey 2 (May 2013); (c) Survey 3 (February 2014). It is evident that seepage through the lining has increased substantially over less than a year.<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3532f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e3532f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.5.2 - 22-12-2021 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"251\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to5.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to5.jpeg 960w, https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to5-300x97.jpeg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542d8f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-hub_fancy_heading\" data-id=\"542d8f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"hub_fancy_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"ld-fancy-heading-6a07339a6301e\" class=\"ld-fancy-heading\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"ld-fh-element lqd-highlight-underline lqd-highlight-grow-left p\"  > Here are coloured contours of the length of the displacement component orthogonal to the  shotcrete surface for an underground excavation: green means less than 1 mm; white means between 1 and 5 mm; red means over 5 mm. The displacements occurred over a period of 8 months.\n\n<br><br>The Figures below provide an example of a three-dimensional model of a road tunnel lining and its use in identifying lining defects.<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa53056 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fa53056\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"346\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to6.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to6.jpeg 960w, https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to6-300x133.jpeg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c7d191 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c7d191\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Some of the cracks have been digitized in: the rightmost crack is a typical construction (pour) joint, but the others are not, and their orientations allow one to infer the causes of distress in a specific area of the lining. Such inferences are very difficult to be made while inspecting the tunnel and while mapping the cracks by hand. In addition, the orientation of the cracks is useful to determine the orientation of the grouting holes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11465f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"11465f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"479\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to7.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to7.jpeg 960w, https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/to7-300x184.jpeg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">3D model of Liberty Tunnel Inbound Tube by the Ventilation Shaft. The next figures show close-up views of the circled spall.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73ea4ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"73ea4ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"382\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to8.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to8.jpeg 960w, https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to8-300x147.jpeg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Detail of spall by the Ventilation Shaft.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08574fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"08574fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"382\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to9.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to9.jpeg 960w, https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to9-300x147.jpeg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Detail of exposed aggregate and rebar by the Ventilation Shaft.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d58a1f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d58a1f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"404\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to10.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to10.jpeg 960w, https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to10-300x155.jpeg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e9f03b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e9f03b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5753aee\" data-id=\"5753aee\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3558411 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3558411\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"248\" height=\"312\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to11249x312.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to11249x312.jpeg 248w, https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to11249x312-238x300.jpeg 238w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 248px) 100vw, 248px\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Rear view of the detachment at the ventilation shaft which allows you to better appreciate the depth and extent of the detachment.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a524df1\" data-id=\"a524df1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-087182e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"087182e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"423\" height=\"312\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to12-crop-u756892.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to12-crop-u756892.jpeg 423w, https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to12-crop-u756892-300x221.jpeg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Closed green polyline adopted for the calculation of the detachment area at the ventilation shaft. The depth of the detachment can be determined point by point.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-94eb77c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94eb77c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-620bc08\" data-id=\"620bc08\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b378d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b378d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to13.jpeg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"to13\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"405\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to13.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to13.jpeg 960w, https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to13-300x156.jpeg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d9fe505\" data-id=\"d9fe505\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3caa68e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3caa68e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to14.jpeg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"to14\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"593\" height=\"362\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-full size-full ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to14.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to14.jpeg 593w, https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/to14-300x183.jpeg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 593px) 100vw, 593px\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5d7e075 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5d7e075\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-cf9c946\" data-id=\"cf9c946\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca1f788 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca1f788\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><i>Typical relief of existing cracks in a tunnel lining.\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tunnel inspections and monitoring The survey of the final lining intrados may be carried out with an accuracy better than 1 mm, which may be adjusted per the Client\u2019s needs. The first survey provides a reference or baseline for future inspections or monitoring surveys of the tunnel in order to determine: Any displacement (e.g., convergence [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":12150,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12156","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.6.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Tunnel inspections and monitoring - Tononeng<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/tunnel-inspections-and-monitoring\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tunnel inspections and monitoring - Tononeng\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tunnel inspections and monitoring The survey of the final lining intrados may be carried out with an accuracy better than 1 mm, which may be adjusted per the Client\u2019s needs. 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