{"id":12227,"date":"2022-03-29T10:13:59","date_gmt":"2022-03-29T10:13:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/?page_id=12227"},"modified":"2022-08-17T09:40:54","modified_gmt":"2022-08-17T09:40:54","slug":"structural-mapping-and-analysis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Structural mapping and analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"12227\" class=\"elementor elementor-12227\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-45b41015 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"45b41015\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f32655b\" data-id=\"3f32655b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30af8fc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30af8fc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.5.2 - 22-12-2021 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1c9fb8 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1c9fb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ed96cd7\" data-id=\"ed96cd7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c41222 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"3c41222\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<\/p><p id=\u201cbreadcrumbs\u201d><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/\">Home<\/a><\/span><\/p><p>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-31a72b8b elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"31a72b8b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e4bee87\" data-id=\"3e4bee87\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72227632 elementor-widget elementor-widget-hub_fancy_heading\" data-id=\"72227632\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"hub_fancy_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"ld-fancy-heading-69ebc1282bda0\" class=\"ld-fancy-heading\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"ld-fh-element elementor-heading-title lqd-highlight-underline lqd-highlight-grow-left h3\"  > Structural mapping and analysis<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31473c31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-hub_fancy_heading\" data-id=\"31473c31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"hub_fancy_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"ld-fancy-heading-69ebc1282cd8a\" class=\"ld-fancy-heading\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"ld-fh-element lqd-highlight-underline lqd-highlight-grow-left p\"  > Once fracture traces and planes have been digitized, they are separated in fracture sets on the <b>stereonet<\/b> and they are assigned different colours to refer to different fracture sets.<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1454ec78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-hub_fancy_heading\" data-id=\"1454ec78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"hub_fancy_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"ld-fancy-heading-69ebc1282dc56\" class=\"ld-fancy-heading\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"ld-fh-element lqd-highlight-underline lqd-highlight-grow-left p\"  > It is thus possible to identify and measure a sufficient number of fractures (e.g., in accordance with the ISRM (1978). \"Suggested methods for the quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses\". Int. Journal Rock Mechanics, Mining Sciences &amp; Geomechanical Abstr. 15: 319\u2013368) even in cases in which the slope is inaccessible, too dangerous to access, or when moving about the slope may cause unintentional small rock falls that may be dangerous to people, motorists or equipment located below.<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a65866 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a65866\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8f511d6\" data-id=\"8f511d6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79f83a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"79f83a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.5.2 - 22-12-2021 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"748\" height=\"512\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-liquid-style6-pf size-liquid-style6-pf ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/SM1-748x512.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/SM1-748x512.jpg 748w, https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/SM1-760x520.jpg 760w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 748px) 100vw, 748px\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-932fef2\" data-id=\"932fef2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bbdcb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1bbdcb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"512\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-liquid-style6-pf size-liquid-style6-pf ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/SM2-600x512.jpg\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdaec3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdaec3c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-42bf46a\" data-id=\"42bf46a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-edc215a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edc215a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bd39291\" data-id=\"bd39291\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a07779 elementor-widget elementor-widget-hub_fancy_heading\" data-id=\"1a07779\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"hub_fancy_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"ld-fancy-heading-69ebc12836ecd\" class=\"ld-fancy-heading\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"ld-fh-element lqd-highlight-underline lqd-highlight-grow-left p\"  > Here is an example of a rock face located 1.8 to 2.5 km (1.1 to 1.5 mi) from the camera stations. The objective was to determine not only the <b>fracture sets<\/b>, but also the<b> size of the rock blocks<\/b>  on the rock face; indeed, this study was necessary to then generate rock blocks for a rockfall simulation. In these cases, not only is it necessary to identify a sufficient number of fractures: it is necessary to digitize ALL fractures because otherwise the determination of the block size will be incorrect. This rules out the use of LiDAR because fracture traces cannot be correctly identified in LiDAR data.\nWhen the fractures have been digitized as interpolating disks of different colours based on their fracture set as seen above, Tonon USA gains a fair amount of insight into the rock mass by rotating, zooming, panning, and examining the 3-D model textured with high resolution pictures. Likewise, fracture spacing measurements are carried out directly on the 3D model.\nAlthough the engineering-geology field work remains necessary, this technology may complement the field work as follows: <br>\n-Even when the slope is accessible, the time needed by a geologist to move about an entire slope with ropes and harness is much longer than that required to digitize the same number of fractures on a computer. Bad weather or scorching sun may further delay the work and\/or make it very unpleasant. By working on a photogrammetric model, many more fractures are typically identified and measured with clear benefits to the rock mass characterization.<br>- When fractures are long, it may be difficult for a person working close to the rock face to recognize that the same feature appears at different locations on (or all across) the mapped slope. Such features may be misidentified, measured several times (therefore creating bias in the collected data), or missed altogether (because too large for the hand-sample scale used at the face).<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0a8a448 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0a8a448\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b68311d\" data-id=\"b68311d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8da6dc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8da6dc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"550\" height=\"512\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-liquid-style6-pf size-liquid-style6-pf ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/7_00-550x512.jpg\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3c6dd3\" data-id=\"a3c6dd3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6228dca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6228dca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">Here is a typical example of a fracture cluster: the scale is about 1 m. The trace-digitized fractures are in red, the plane-digitized fractures are in cyan. Typically, water flow concentrates at fracture clusters. By documenting these clusters one knows exactly where these clusters were encountered during construction (e.g., if in the future an anomalous water ingress is observed), and their characterization (including geostatistics and Dershowitz\u2019s PIJ system (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01047389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01047389<\/a><span style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">) allows one to refine the fracture modelling (e.g., by using stochastic, geostatistical, and fractal models) prepared at the design stage. Such an improved model can then be used for groundwater inflow, fluid flow, or contaminant migration predictions. Indeed, any type of scan line may be traced on the rock walls, including circular scanlines that provide unbiased data (e.g., <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01047389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">M. Mauldon, J. G. Mauldon Fracture sampling on a cylinder: From scanlines to boreholes and tunnels. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 30, 129-144, 1997 http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01047389<\/a><span style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">). Just imagine tracing several circular scanlines on a vertical face when tied up with ropes and harness!<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-06aebc9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"06aebc9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-74fc060\" data-id=\"74fc060\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc27251 elementor-widget elementor-widget-hub_fancy_heading\" data-id=\"fc27251\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"hub_fancy_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"ld-fancy-heading-69ebc1283d519\" class=\"ld-fancy-heading\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"ld-fh-element lqd-highlight-underline lqd-highlight-grow-left p\"  > <span style=\"font-weight: 700\">Identification of fracture coalescence: <\/span>here is a typical case where two fractures coalesced to form a stepped fracture, which may explain in part the orientation variability within a fracture set, and limits the reliability of rock block-size prediction based on natural fracture lengths. Indeed these detailed three-dimensional models revealed that oftentimes fallen blocks were formed by fractures (in the same set) that coalesced because of the blasting and of the stress redistribution induced by the excavation.<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-656db07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"656db07\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7043107\" data-id=\"7043107\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d4d545 elementor-widget elementor-widget-hub_fancy_heading\" data-id=\"3d4d545\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"hub_fancy_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"ld-fancy-heading-69ebc1283f94d\" class=\"ld-fancy-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-07ae177 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"07ae177\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4590ad7\" data-id=\"4590ad7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9c8645 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d9c8645\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"748\" height=\"476\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-liquid-style6-pf size-liquid-style6-pf ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/8-748x476.jpg\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a46a42\" data-id=\"4a46a42\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab57b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2ab57b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"748\" height=\"512\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-liquid-style6-pf size-liquid-style6-pf ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/9-748x512.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/9-748x512.jpg 748w, https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/9-760x520.jpg 760w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 748px) 100vw, 748px\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-aa3efdd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"aa3efdd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d1eba82\" data-id=\"d1eba82\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-026d84f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"026d84f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"441\" height=\"512\" src=\"\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0  &#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" class=\"attachment-liquid-style6-pf size-liquid-style6-pf ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/10-1-441x512.jpg\" data-aspect=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff87245\" data-id=\"ff87245\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-798e6f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-hub_fancy_heading\" data-id=\"798e6f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"hub_fancy_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"ld-fancy-heading-69ebc128484e4\" class=\"ld-fancy-heading\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"ld-fh-element lqd-highlight-underline lqd-highlight-grow-left p\"  > \u2022 <b>Accuracy of fracture traces. <\/b> Here is a typical case in which two fractures in the same fracture set were digitized either by using a plane or a trace. The resulting generated planes have the same orientation. This is a consequence of the fact that Tonon USA (as opposed to LiDAR mapping) exactly attributes pixels to the three-dimensional surface. As a result, the lengths of the fracture traces may be accurately determined; Tonon USA has developed techniques to obtain the fracture size distribution from the fracture trace probability distribution (F. Tonon, and Chen, S. Closed-form and numerical solutions for the probability distribution function of fracture diameters. Int. J. of Rock Mech. and Mining Sci. 44 (3), 2007, 332-350. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2006.07.013).<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Structural mapping and analysis Once fracture traces and planes have been digitized, they are separated in fracture sets on the stereonet and they are assigned different colours to refer to different fracture sets. It is thus possible to identify and measure a sufficient number of fractures (e.g., in accordance with the ISRM (1978). &#8220;Suggested methods [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":12210,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12227","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.6.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Structural mapping and analysis - Tononeng<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Structural mapping and analysis - Tononeng\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Structural mapping and analysis Once fracture traces and planes have been digitized, they are separated in fracture sets on the stereonet and they are assigned different colours to refer to different fracture sets. It is thus possible to identify and measure a sufficient number of fractures (e.g., in accordance with the ISRM (1978). &#8220;Suggested methods [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Tononeng\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-08-17T09:40:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/SM1-748x512.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Tempo di lettura stimato\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"6 minuti\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/\",\"name\":\"Structural mapping and analysis - Tononeng\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2022-03-29T10:13:59+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-08-17T09:40:54+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Services\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Photogrammetry and 3-D modelling\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"For excavations, slopes, quarries\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":5,\"name\":\"Structural mapping and analysis\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/\",\"name\":\"Tononeng\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Structural mapping and analysis - Tononeng","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/","og_locale":"it_IT","og_type":"article","og_title":"Structural mapping and analysis - Tononeng","og_description":"Structural mapping and analysis Once fracture traces and planes have been digitized, they are separated in fracture sets on the stereonet and they are assigned different colours to refer to different fracture sets. It is thus possible to identify and measure a sufficient number of fractures (e.g., in accordance with the ISRM (1978). &#8220;Suggested methods [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/","og_site_name":"Tononeng","article_modified_time":"2022-08-17T09:40:54+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/SM1-748x512.jpg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Tempo di lettura stimato":"6 minuti"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/","url":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/","name":"Structural mapping and analysis - Tononeng","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/#website"},"datePublished":"2022-03-29T10:13:59+00:00","dateModified":"2022-08-17T09:40:54+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"it-IT","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/structural-mapping-and-analysis\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Services","item":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Photogrammetry and 3-D modelling","item":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"For excavations, slopes, quarries","item":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/services\/photogrammetry-and-3-d-modelling\/for-excavations-slopes-quarries\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"Structural mapping and analysis"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/#website","url":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/","name":"Tononeng","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"it-IT"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12227","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12227"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12227\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12960,"href":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12227\/revisions\/12960"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tononeng.com\/tonon-usa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12227"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}